### Appendix D (Sample Size Determination)

Recommended steps

• Define how many nested cells will be relevant for the analysis and what should be the minimal number of cases in each cell allowing for substantial analyses.
• Have the survey sponsor specify the desired level of precision.
• Convert these 95% confidence intervals into a sampling variance of the mean, $$var\left (\bar{y}\right )$$.
• Example: the survey sponsor wants a 95% confidence interval of .08 around the statistic of interest. Since the half width of a 95% confidence interval (CI) is $$\frac{1}{2}\left(95\% CI\right)=1.96\left ( se(\bar{y})\right )$$, this formula can be rearranged with basic algebra to calculate the precision (sampling variance of the mean) from this confidence interval: $$var(\bar{y})=\left(se(\bar{y})^2\right)=\left(\frac{.5(95\% CI)}{1.96}\right)^2=\left(\frac{.04}{1.96}\right)^2=.0004165$$.
• Obtain an estimate of $$S^2$$ (population element).
• If the statistic of interest is not a proportion, find an estimate of $$S^2$$ from a previous survey on the same target population.
• If the statistic of interest is a proportion, the sampler can use the expected value of the proportion ($$p$$), even if it is a guess, to estimate $$S^2$$ by using the formula $$S^2=p(1-p)$$.
• Estimate the needed number of completed interviews for a simple random sample (SRS) by dividing the estimate of $$S^2$$ by the sampling variance of the mean.
• Example: the obtained estimate of $$S^2$$ is .6247. Therefore the needed number of completed interviews for an SRS ($$n_{srs}$$) is: $$n_{srs}=\frac{.6247}{.0004165}=1,499.88\approx1,500$$.
• Multiply the number of completed interviews by the design effect to account for a non-SRS design.
• Example: the design effect of a stratified clustered sample is 1.25. Taking into account the design effect, the number of completed interviews for this complex (i.e., stratified clustered) sample is: $$n_{complex}=n_{srs}\times d_{eff}=1,500\times 1.25=1,875$$.
• The sample size must account for three additional factors:
• Not all sampled elements will want to participate in the survey (i.e., response rate).
• Not all sampled elements, given the target population, will be eligible to participate (i.e., eligibility rate).
• The frame will likely fail to cover all elements in the survey population coverage rate).
• Calculate the necessary sample size by dividing the number of completed interviews by the expected response rate, eligibility rate, and coverage rate.
• The sampler can estimate these three rates by looking at the rates obtained in previous surveys with the same survey population and survey design.
• Example: the expected response rate is 75%, the expected eligibility rate is 90%, and the expected coverage rate is 95%. Therefore, the necessary sample size is: $$n_{final}=\frac{n_{complex}}{\text{Response rate}\times \text{Eligibility rate}\times \text{Coverage rate}}=\frac{1,875}{.75\times .9\times .95}=2,923.97\approx2924$$.

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